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谈我国与大陆法系国家辩论原则之比较/王海宏

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-07 10:56:49  浏览:9993   来源:法律资料网
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谈我国与大陆法系国家辩论原则之比较

王海宏


  在中世纪欧洲的罗马教会式诉讼程序中,因采取秘密和书面审理方式,基本不存在当事人之间的辩论,辩论更不可能上升为一个重要的诉讼原则。资产阶级革命后,资本主义国家逐渐以辩论式诉讼代替了先前的纠问式诉讼,辩论被确立为一项诉讼基本原则,其内容也不断丰富。一般认为,大陆法系国家民事诉讼的辩论原则包括以下内容:
1、直接决定法律效果发生或消灭的事实必须由当事人主张,法院不得随意变更或补充当事人的主张,不得将当事人未在辩论中提出的事实作为裁判的依据。
2、当事人一方主张的事实,为另一方所承认 的,法院必须认定并作为裁判的依据。
3、法院原则上只能就双方当事人在辩论过程中提出的证据进行调查。
大陆法系国家民事诉讼实行当事人主义的诉讼模式。在当事人主义下,以什么样的事实来作为请求的根据,以什么证据来证明所主张的事实是否存在,都属于当事治的领域,法院应充分尊重当事人在这一领域的自由。这就是辩论原则最根本的含义,所以,日本民事诉讼法学又将辩论原则称为“当事人主导原则”。
  大陆法系国家的辩论原则与我国民事诉讼法的辩论原则虽名称相同,但内涵却有较大区别:
  首先,二者依附的诉讼模式不同。大陆法系国家的辩论原则依附于当事人主义的诉讼模式。我国的辩论原则最初规定在1982年颁布的试行民事诉讼法中,是职权主义诉讼模式下的辩论原则。现行民事诉讼法虽然弱化了法院的职权因素,但与当事人主义仍有很大的距离。因此现行法中的辩论原则所依附的是职权主义与当事人主义相结合的诉讼模式。
  其次,大陆法系国家的辩论原则对裁判的形式和法官的行为具有很强的约束力。裁判必须以当事人在辩论中提出的事实和证据为基础,法官必须尊重当事人对审理对象所作的选择,不得在当事人主张的事实和提出的证据之外主动提出事实和证据。可见,当事人的辩论在诉讼中起着十分重要的实质性作用。我国民事诉讼的辩论原则虽然赋予当事人以辩论权,且要求人民法院在诉讼中保障当事人平等充分地行使辩论权,但民事诉讼法并未规定当事人的辩论对裁判的形式有何影响。《民事诉讼法》第66条规定,证据应当在法庭上出示,并由当事人互相质证。但质证及其后的法庭辩论对法官认定事实和适用法律是否具有约束力,法律并未说明。因此,我国的辩论原则缺乏实在的内容,在诉讼中的作用远不如大陆法系国家的辩论原则。有鉴于此,有学者主张应赋予辩论原则以实际内容并以当事人的辩论约束法官的行为。非经当事人辩论的事实和证据材料,法官将其不能作为裁判的依据。



黑龙江省北安市人民法院 王海宏

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商业部关于标准化费用试行按项目补助的通知

商业部


商业部关于标准化费用试行按项目补助的通知

1981年11月13日,商业部

为贯彻“加强管理,切实整顿,打好基础,积极发展”的标准化工作方针,根据财政部、国家标准计量局(74)财企字第53号文和(78)财企字第17号文的精神(见附件一、二),在商业部系统中对承担制订、修订国家标准和部标准,试行按项目补助的办法。现通知如下:
一、制订、修订国家标准项目,经国家标准总局确认。部标准项目经部主管业务局和科机局协商确认,由科机局正式纳入计划下达。
二、纳入计划的制订、修订标准项目,由主办单位编报项目计划任务书和经费预算(按附表一、二逐项填报),由部主管业务局审查,提出意见送科机局。
三、编制、审查、确定补助经费预算,要按照《中华人民共和国标准化管理条例》和(74)财企字第53号文及(78)财企字第17号文的规定办理。
1.补助经费的使用范围包括:会议费(仅限于公用部分,一般参加单位费用自理)、调研费、资料费(用于必要的参考资料的购置,标准草案的印刷等)、试验验证费(只补助材料消费,不补助人工费、设备折旧费,一般不补助设备购置费)。
2.补助经费重点用于基础标准。
3.制订标准需要进行的试验研究项目,应纳入各级有关的科研计划。属产品设计、新产品试制和科学研究项目中的技术标准,其费用应分别在各自项目内列支。
4.参加对口国际标准化组织各技术委员会的活动经费,由外事局列入计划。
四、制订、修订标准项目补助经费由部科技局核拨给主管业务局,主管业务局可根据经费预算和工作进度分期拨给各主办单位。各主办单位将补助经费分拨给各参加单位。
五、项目进行过程中,部主管业务局要定期进行检查。主办单位按计划年度每年年终及时向部科机局和主管业务局报告项目进行情况和经费使用情况。项目进行完了,要将实际全部经费支出情况(包括摊入成本和其它来源部分)和工作总结,报部科机局和主管业务局。国家标准项目同时要报国家标准总局。
六、补助费一般不予增减,结余部分归主办单位和参加单位留用,按照事业费节约留用一样处理。如因主观原因(如挪用违法渎职)致使该项目无法进行或拖延进度,发生的额外费用由主办单位自理。情节严重者,要酌情处理。
因故撤销标准项目,应视不同情况,部分或全部退回所拨经费。
七、商业部各专业标准化技术归口单位,开展国、部标准验证活动费,按(80)商科字第10号文办理,活动经费较大者,可由部科机局给予适当的补助。
八、受款单位对所拨经费,由本单位财务部门管理,并按财务规定办理手续,年终实行决算。

附件一:财政部、国家标准计量局关于制订、修订工农业产品技术标准经费开支问题的通知(74)财企字第53号(1974年4月23日)
关于制订、修订工农业产品技术标准的经费开支问题,经我们研究,通知如下:
一、凡制订、修订国家标准、国务院各部标准和由省、市、自治区级发布的企业标准项目,所需调研、资料、试验、会议、办公等经费,由承担任务的单位负担。企业单位承担的,在生产成本内列支(构成固定资产的仪器设备,在更新改造资金内开支);事业单位承担的,在事业费内开支。由几个单位共同完成的标准项目,其费用由参加单位共同协商分担。费用较大的标准项目,承担单位负担确有困难,由国家标准计量局掌握的标准补助经费内酌情补助。
二、企业单位自己制订、修订的企业标准,所需费用列入生产成本(构成固定资产的仪器设备,在更新改造资金内开支)。
三、属于产品设计、新产品试制和科学研究项目中的技术标准,其费用分别在各有关项目内列支。

附件二:财政部、国家标准计量局关于贯彻落实制订、修订工农业产品技术标准经费开支规定的通知(78)财企字第17号(1978年2月11日)
加强工农业产品技术标准的制订、修订工作,对实现国民经济建设的高速度,保证产品的高质量,提高社会劳动生产率、加速四个现代化的进程,具有重要作用。为保证这项工作的经费开支,财政部、国家标准计量局曾以(74)财企字第53号《关于制订、修订工农业产品技术标准经费开支问题的通知》作了明确规定,但几年来一直没有得到很好的贯彻,致使制订、修订工农业产品技术标准的工作受到影响。现在重申此项规定,请各级财政和有关部门切实按(74)财企字第53号文规定执行,将应开支的费用纳入年度预算或计划内,以利工作的开发。
至于国家标准计量局掌握的标准补助费使用问题,从四年来的实践看,需集中使用,主要补助重点国家标准项目,改变不论项目大小都分配一点资金的做法,从一九七八年度开始,实行按项目划拨补助费的办法。
附表1:
商业部标准化计划任务书
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
填报单位 |项目编号
|--------------------------------------------------
|项目名称
|--------------------------------------------------
(盖章) |报出日期
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
主要内容与要求
1、制、修订该项标准的主要目的和要解决的主要问题。
2、国内外水平和发展趋势。
3、需作哪些调查研究和试验验证工作。
4、起止时间。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
承担任务单位与负责人
1、--------------------------------------------------------------
2、--------------------------------------------------------------
3、--------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
填报单位技术负责人 |填报人
|
|
(审核签章) | (签章)
|
附表2:制订、修订标准项目补助经费预算表
单位:元
--------------------------------------------------------
申请费用总金额|调研费|资料费|会议费|验证消耗材料费
--------------------------------------------------------
其中: 年 元| | | |
--------------------------------------------------------
年 元| | | |
--------------------------------------------------------
年 元| | | |
--------------------------------------------------------
| | | |
--------------------------------------------------------
附表3:向有关参加单位拨款计划
单位:元
--------------------------------------------------------
单位名称 | 承 担 任 务 内 容 |计划拨款金额
--------------------------------------------------------
本单 留用| |
--------------------------------------------------------
参加单位 | |
--------------------------------------------------------
| |
--------------------------------------------------------
| |
--------------------------------------------------------
部主管业务局审核意见: |填报单位技术负责人
|
| ------------------
(盖章) |
|填报人------------------
|
年 月 日 | 年 月 日
|


国家工商行政管理局、对外贸易经济合作部关于设立外商投资广告企业的若干规定(附英文)

国家工商局 对对外贸易经济合作部


国家工商行政管理局、对外贸易经济合作部关于设立外商投资广告企业的若干规定(附英文)

1994年11月3日,国家工商管理局、对外经贸部

第一条 为了更好地推动我国广告业为对外开放服务,保证外商投资广告企业的质量,促进我国广告业健康发展,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称外商投资广告企业,是指中外合资、合作经营广告业务的企业。
第三条 设立外商投资广告企业,应当遵循《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国中外合作经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国广告法》、《广告管理条例》、《广告经营者资质标准及广告经营范围核定用语规范》等有关法律、法规、规章。
第四条 外商投资广告企业的项目建议书和可行性研究报告,由国家工商行政管理局审定。外商投资广告企业的经营范围,由国家工商行政管理局依据《广告经营者资质标准及广告经营范围核定用语规范》,根据外商投资广告企业的类型,按设计、制作、发布、代理国内外广告业务的不同范围,分别予以核定。外商投资广告企业的合同和章程,由对外贸易经济合作部审查批准。
第五条 设立外商投资广告企业,按下列程序办理:
(一)外商投资广告企业的中方合营(含合作,下同)者,向所在地有外商投资企业核准登记权的工商行政管理局呈报设立外商投资广告企业的项目建议书和可行性研究报告,由其提出初审意见,经省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局核转,报国家工商行政管理局审定。
中方合营者为国务院部、委、局直属企业的,中方合营者向其主管部门呈报设立外商投资广告企业的项目建议书和可行性研究报告,经审核同意后,转报国家工商行政管理局审定。
国家工商行政管理局自收到全部呈报文件之日起三十天内,作出同意或不同意的决定。
(二)国家工商行政管理局颁发《外商投资广告企业项目审定意见书》后,由中方合营者向所在地外经贸部门呈报设立外商投资广告企业的合同和章程,经省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门核转,报对外贸易经济合作部审批。
中方合营者为国务院部、委、局直属企业的,中方合营者向其主管部门呈报设立外商投资广告企业的合同、章程。主管部门审核同意后,转报对外贸易经济合作部审批。
对外贸易经济合作部依照国家有关外商投资的法律、法规,在规定的期限内决定批准或不批准。
(三)中方合营者持国家工商行政管理局颁发的《外商投资广告企业项目审定意见书》和对外贸易经济合作部颁发的批准证书及法律、法规规定的其他文件,按企业登记注册的有关规定,向国家工商行政管理局或有外商投资企业核准登记权的地方工商行政管理局办理企业法人登记注册手续。
外商投资广告企业申请设立分支机构,由省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门或国务院部、委、局审核同意后,转报对外贸易经济合作部,对外贸易经济合作部在征求国家工商行政管理局意见后,决定批准或不批准。
第六条 设立外商投资广告企业,除符合有关法律、法规规定的条件外,还应具备以下条件:
(一)合营各方必须是具有一定规模的以经营广告业务为主的企业法人;
(二)能够引进国际先进的广告制作技术和设备;
(三)具有市场调查、广告策划和广告效果测定等能力;
(四)能够在广告策划、创意、设计、制作和经营管理等方面培训中国职员;
(五)注册资本不低于30万美元。
第七条 申请设立分支机构的外商投资广告企业,应具备以下基本条件:
(一)注册资本全部缴清;
(二)年营业额不低于2000万元人民币;
(三)分支机构所在地须有3个以上相对固定的广告客户。
第八条 申请设立外商投资广告企业,由中方合营者按本规定第五条规定的程序,向国家工商行政管理局报送下列文件:
(一)申请设立外商投资广告企业的报告;
(二)中方合营者所属主管部门的批准文件;
(三)设立外商投资广告企业的项目建议书;
(四)合营各方共同编制的可行性研究报告;
(五)合营各方的登记注册证明;
(六)合营各方的资信证明;
(七)采用的主要制作设备、技术及其来源证明;
(八)广告管理制度;
(九)地方工商行政管理局的初审意见。
第九条 申请设立外商投资广告企业,应按本规定第五条规定的程序,向对外贸易经济合作部报送下列文件:
(一)地方外经贸部门或国务院部、委、局的报送文件;
(二)国家工商行政管理局颁发的《外商投资广告企业项目审定意见书》;
(三)设立外商投资广告企业的合同、章程;
(四)项目建议书及可行性研究报告;
(五)合营各方的登记注册证明;
(六)合营各方的资信证明;
(七)工商行政管理部门出具的名称核准书;
(八)合营企业的董事会名单及各方董事委派书。
第十条 外商投资广告企业通过审查取得批准证书后,如出现下列情况之一的,应按本规定第五条规定的程序另行报批:
(一)更换合营方;
(二)变更经营范围。
第十一条 外商投资企业申请增加广告经营业务的,参照本规定办理。
第十二条 本规定自一九九五年一月一日起施行。

Regulations of the State Administration for Industry and Commerceand the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation for Establi-shing Foreign-Invested Advertising Enterprises

(Promulgated on November 3, 1994)

Whole document
Regulations of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation for Establishing
Foreign-Invested Advertising Enterprises
(Promulgated on November 3, 1994)
Article 1
These Regulations are hereby formulated with a view to promoting the
advertising industry of China to serve for the open-to-the-outside-world,
assuring the high quality of the foreign-invested advertising enterprises,
and pushing forward the healthy development of the advertising industry of
China.
Article 2
For the purpose of these Regulations, the term "foreign-invested
advertising enterprises" means the enterprises that are engaged in
advertising business in the form of either a Chinese-Foreign equity joint
venture or a Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture.
Article 3
To apply for the establishment of a foreign-invested advertising
enterprise, related laws, regulations and rules shall be followed, such
as Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Equity Joint
Ventures, Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign
Cooperative Joint Ventures, The Advertising Law of the People's Republic
of China, Regulations on Advertising Administration, Qualification
Standards of Advertising Operators and Phraseology Norm for the
Examination and Ratification of the Advertising Business Scope, etc.
Article 4
The project proposals and the feasibility study reports of
foreign-invested advertising enterprises shall be examined and approved by
the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. The business scopes of
foreign-invested advertising enterprises that are classified as the
different scopes like designing, producing, media-buying and acting for
advertising business both at home and abroad, shall be approved by the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce, in accordance with The
Qualification Standards of Advertising Operations and Phraseology Norm for
the Examination and Ratification of the Advertising Business Scope and in
the light of the different types of foreign-invested advertising
enterprises. The contracts and the articles of association of
foreign-invested advertising enterprises shall be examined and approved by
the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation.
Article 5
For the establishment of a foreign-invested advertising enterprise,
the following procedures shall be followed:
(1) The Chinese party to an equity joint venture advertising
enterprise (including the party to Chinese-foreign cooperative joint
venture, similarly hereinafter) shall submit the project proposal and
feasibility study report for the establishment of a foreign-invested
advertising enterprise to the local administration for industry and
commerce which is authorized to ratify and register enterprises with
foreign investment. With the preliminary examination comments of the local
administration, the administration for industry and commerce at the level
of province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the Central
Government or the municipalities specifically listed in the State plan
shall examine and transfer those documents to the State Administration for
Industry and Commerce for final examination and approval.
In case the Chinese Party is an enterprise directly under the
ministries, commissions or bureaus of the State Council, the Chinese party
shall submit to the department in charge the project proposal and
feasibility study report for the establishment of a foreign-invested
advertising enterprise. Upon examination and consent by the department in
charge, those documents shall be submitted to the State Administration for
Industry and Commerce for final examination and approval.
Upon receipt of all the documents required, the State Administration
for Industry and Commerce shall, within 30 days, make a decision of
approval or disapproval over the establishment of the foreign-invested
advertising enterprise.
(2) After the issuance of the "Certificate of Examination and Approval
Opinions for Foreign-Invested Advertising Enterprises" by the State
Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Chinese party shall submit
the contract and articles of association of the foreign-invested
advertising enterprise to the local foreign trade, and after being
checked by the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities at the
level of province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the
Central Government or the municipalities specifically listed in the State
plan, the relative documents shall be transferred to the Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation for final examination and approval.
In case the Chinese party is an enterprise directly under the
ministries, commissions or bureaus of the State Council, the Chinese party
shall submit to the department in charge the contract and articles of
association for the establishment of a foreign-invested advertising
enterprise. After being checked and consented by the department in charge,
the documents mentioned-above shall be transferred to the Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation for final examination and approval.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation shall,
according to the State laws and regulations governing foreign investment,
decide whether to approve or disapprove the establishment of such an
enterprise within the stipulated time limits.
(3) The Chinese party shall, with the "Certificate of Examination and
Approval Opinions for Foreign-invested Advertising Enterprises" issued by
the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the approval
certificate issued by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Cooperation and other documents stipulated by the laws and regulations,
submit, according to the relative regulations on enterprise registration,
to the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or the local
administrations for industry and commerce authorized to check and register
enterprises with foreign investment for handling the formalities of
registration for an enterprise legal person.
The application of a foreign-invested advertising enterprise for
setting up a branch shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade
and economic cooperation department of the province, autonomous region,
municipality directly under the Central Government or the municipalities
specifically listed in the State plan, and then transferred to the
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation which shall, after
gathering opinions from the State Administration for Industry and
Commerce, decide whether to approve or disapprove it.
Article 6
To apply for establishing a foreign-invested advertising enterprise,
the following conditions shall be fulfilled in addition to the conditions
stipulated in the relative laws and regulations:
(1) all parties to a foreign-invested advertising enterprise must be a
fair-sized enterprise legal person which is mainly engaged in advertising
business;
(2) being able to introduce the world's advanced advertising
technology and equipment;
(3) having the capability for market investigation, advertising plan
and advertising effect measurement;
(4) being able to train the Chinese personnel in the aspects of
advertising plan, creation, design, production and management; and
(5) the registered capital being no less than US $ 300000.
Article 7
The foreign-invested advertising enterprise which intends to apply for
setting up a branch shall fulfill the following main conditions:
(1) the registered capital has been contributed in full;
(2) the annual volume of business shall not be lower than RMB 20
million yuan; and
(3) in the place where the branch is to be located, there must be
more than 3 relatively permanent advertising customers.
Article 8
When applying for the establishment of a foreign-invested adverting
enterprise, the Chinese party shall, according to the stipulations set
forth in Article 5 of these Regulations, submit to the State
Administration for Industry and Commerce the following documents:
(1) the application report for the establishment of a foreign-invested
advertising enterprise;
(2) the approval documents issued by the department in charge of the
Chinese party;
(3) the project proposal for the establishment of a foreign-invested
advertising enterprise;
(4) the feasibility study report worked out jointly by all the
parties;
(5) the registration testimonials for each party;
(6) the financial credit documents for each party;
(7) the documents for the main equipment used and technology adopted,
and their original sources;
(8) its advertising administration system; and
(9) the preliminary examination opinions of the local administrations
for industry and commerce.
Article 9
When applying for the establishment of a foreign-invested advertising
enterprise, the Chinese party shall, in accordance with the procedure
provided in Article 5 of these Regulations, submit to the Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation the following documents:
(1) the documents reported by local foreign trade and economic
cooperation departments or the ministries, commissions or bureaus
directly under the State Council;
(2) the "Certificate of Examination and Approval Opinions for
Foreign-invested Advertising Enterprises" issued by the State
Administration for Industry and Commerce;
(3) the contract and articles of association for the establishment of
the foreign-invested advertising enterprise;
(4) the project proposal and feasibility study report;
(5) the registration testimonials for each party;
(6) the financial credit documents for each party;
(7) the verification and approval documents for the name of the
enterprise issued by the administration authorities for industry and
commerce; and
(8) the name list of members of the board of directors and the
appointment documents for the directors from each party.
Article 10
Even after obtaining the approval certificate through examination, the
foreign-invested advertising enterprise shall, according to the procedure
stipulated in Article 5 of these Regulations, apply for approval in any of
the following cases:
(1) to change any party; or
(2) to change the business scope.
Article 11
These Regulations shall be applicable as a measure of reference to
enterprises with foreign investment if they apply for enlarging their
business scope to advertising business.
Article 12
These Regulations shall come into force as of January 1, 1995.




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