公安部关于修改《机动车登记规定》的决定
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公安部关于修改《机动车登记规定》的决定
中华人民共和国公安部令
第124号
《公安部关于修改<机动车登记规定>的决定》已经2012年8月21日公安部部长办公会会议通过，现予发布施行。
公安部部长 孟建柱
2012年9月12日
公安部关于修改《机动车登记规定》的决定
为贯彻实施《校车安全管理条例》（国务院令第617号），进一步加强校车登记管理，保障校车安全，公安部决定对《机动车登记规定》作如下修改：
一、在第六条增加一款，作为第三款：“专用校车办理注册登记前，应当按照专用校车国家安全技术标准进行安全技术检验。”
二、在第七条第一款增加一项，作为第六项：“（六）车船税纳税或者免税证明”。
三、将第二十七条第一款修改为：“已达到国家强制报废标准的机动车，机动车所有人向机动车回收企业交售机动车时，应当填写申请表，提交机动车登记证书、号牌和行驶证。机动车回收企业应当确认机动车并解体，向机动车所有人出具《报废机动车回收证明》。报废的校车、大型客、货车及其他营运车辆应当在车辆管理所的监督下解体。”
四、将第三十条第一款修改为：“因车辆损坏无法驶回登记地的，机动车所有人可以向车辆所在地机动车回收企业交售报废机动车。交售机动车时应当填写申请表，提交机动车登记证书、号牌和行驶证。机动车回收企业应当确认机动车并解体，向机动车所有人出具《报废机动车回收证明》。报废的校车、大型客、货车及其他营运车辆应当在报废地车辆管理所的监督下解体。”
五、在第二章第五节后增加一节，作为第六节：
“第六节 校车标牌核发
“第三十三条 学校或者校车服务提供者申请校车使用许可，应当按照《校车安全管理条例》向县级或者设区的市级人民政府教育行政部门提出申请。公安机关交通管理部门收到教育行政部门送来的征求意见材料后，应当在一日内通知申请人交验机动车。
“第三十四条 县级或者设区的市级公安机关交通管理部门应当自申请人交验机动车之日起二日内确认机动车，查验校车标志灯、停车指示标志、卫星定位装置以及逃生锤、干粉灭火器、急救箱等安全设备，审核行驶线路、开行时间和停靠站点。属于专用校车的，还应当查验校车外观标识。审查以下证明、凭证：
“（一）机动车所有人的身份证明；
“（二）机动车行驶证；
“（三）校车安全技术检验合格证明；
“（四）包括行驶线路、开行时间和停靠站点的校车运行方案；
“（五）校车驾驶人的机动车驾驶证。
“公安机关交通管理部门应当自收到教育行政部门征求意见材料之日起三日内向教育行政部门回复意见，但申请人未按规定交验机动车的除外。
“第三十五条 学校或者校车服务提供者按照《校车安全管理条例》取得校车使用许可后，应当向县级或者设区的市级公安机关交通管理部门领取校车标牌。领取时应当填写表格，并提交以下证明、凭证：
“（一）机动车所有人的身份证明；
“（二）校车驾驶人的机动车驾驶证；
“（三）机动车行驶证；
“（四）县级或者设区的市级人民政府批准的校车使用许可；
“（五）县级或者设区的市级人民政府批准的包括行驶线路、开行时间和停靠站点的校车运行方案。
“公安机关交通管理部门应当在收到领取表之日起三日内核发校车标牌。对属于专用校车的，应当核对行驶证上记载的校车类型和核载人数；对不属于专用校车的，应当在行驶证副页上签注校车类型和核载人数。
“第三十六条 校车标牌应当记载本车的号牌号码、机动车所有人、驾驶人、行驶线路、开行时间、停靠站点、发牌单位、有效期限等信息。校车标牌分前后两块，分别放置于前风窗玻璃右下角和后风窗玻璃适当位置。
“校车标牌有效期的截止日期与校车安全技术检验有效期的截止日期一致，但不得超过校车使用许可有效期。
“第三十七条 专用校车应当自注册登记之日起每半年进行一次安全技术检验，非专用校车应当自取得校车标牌后每半年进行一次安全技术检验。
“学校或者校车服务提供者应当在校车检验有效期满前一个月内向公安机关交通管理部门申请检验合格标志。
“公安机关交通管理部门应当自受理之日起一日内，确认机动车，审查提交的证明、凭证，核发检验合格标志，换发校车标牌。
“第三十八条 已取得校车标牌的机动车达到报废标准或者不再作为校车使用的，学校或者校车服务提供者应当拆除校车标志灯、停车指示标志，消除校车外观标识，并将校车标牌交回核发的公安机关交通管理部门。
“专用校车不得改变使用性质。
“校车使用许可被吊销、注销或者撤销的，学校或者校车服务提供者应当拆除校车标志灯、停车指示标志，消除校车外观标识，并将校车标牌交回核发的公安机关交通管理部门。
“第三十九条 校车行驶线路、开行时间、停靠站点或者车辆、所有人、驾驶人发生变化的，经县级或者设区的市级人民政府批准后，应当按照本规定重新领取校车标牌。
“第四十条 公安机关交通管理部门应当每月将校车标牌的发放、变更、收回等信息报本级人民政府备案，并通报教育行政部门。
“学校或者校车服务提供者应当自取得校车标牌之日起，每月查询校车道路交通安全违法行为记录，及时到公安机关交通管理部门接受处理。核发校车标牌的公安机关交通管理部门应当每月汇总辖区内校车道路交通安全违法和交通事故等情况，通知学校或者校车服务提供者，并通报教育行政部门。
“第四十一条 校车标牌灭失、丢失或者损毁的，学校或者校车服务提供者应当向核发标牌的公安机关交通管理部门申请补领或者换领。申请时，应当提交机动车所有人的身份证明及机动车行驶证。公安机关交通管理部门应当自受理之日起三日内审核，补发或者换发校车标牌。”
六、将第四十条改为第四十九条，并将第二款修改为：“申请前，机动车所有人应当将涉及该车的道路交通安全违法行为和交通事故处理完毕。申请时，机动车所有人应当填写申请表并提交行驶证、机动车交通事故责任强制保险凭证、车船税纳税或者免税证明、机动车安全技术检验合格证明。”
七、将第四十一条改为第五十条，修改为：“除大型载客汽车、校车以外的机动车因故不能在登记地检验的，机动车所有人可以向登记地车辆管理所申请委托核发检验合格标志。申请前，机动车所有人应当将涉及机动车的道路交通安全违法行为和交通事故处理完毕。申请时，应当提交机动车登记证书或者行驶证。
“车辆管理所应当自受理之日起一日内，出具核发检验合格标志的委托书。
“机动车在检验地检验合格后，机动车所有人应当按照本规定第四十九条第二款的规定向被委托地车辆管理所申请检验合格标志，并提交核发检验合格标志的委托书。被委托地车辆管理所应当自受理之日起一日内，按照本规定第四十九条第三款的规定核发检验合格标志。
“营运货车长期在登记以外的地区从事道路运输的，机动车所有人向营运地车辆管理所备案登记一年后，可以在营运地直接进行安全技术检验，并向营运地车辆管理所申请检验合格标志。”
《机动车登记规定》的条文序号根据本决定作相应调整。
本决定自发布之日起施行。
《机动车登记规定》根据本决定作相应修改，重新发布。
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LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ASSEMBLIES, PROCESSIONSAND DEMONSTRATIONS ——附加英文版
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ASSEMBLIES, PROCESSIONSAND DEMONSTRATIONS
(Adopted at the Tenth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on October 31, 1989, promulgated by
Order No. 20 of the President of the People's Republic of China on October
31, 1989 and effective as of the same date)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Application and Permission for Assemblies, Processions and
Demonstrations
Chapter III The Holding of Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
Pursuant to the Constitution, this Law is enacted to safeguard citizens'
exercise of their right to assembly, procession and demonstration
according to law and to maintain social stability and public order.
Article 2
This Law shall apply to assemblies, processions and demonstrations held
within the territory of the People's Republic of China.
The term "assembly" used in this Law means an activity in which people
gather at a public place in the open air to express views or aspirations.
The term "procession" used in this Law means an activity in which people
line up for a march along a public road or across a public place in the
open air to express their common aspirations.
The term "demonstration" used in this Law means an activity in which
people express their common aspirations, including demands, protests,
support or moral support, in the manner of an assembly, a procession, a
sit-in, etc., at a public place in the open air or along a public road.
This Law shall not apply to recreational or sports activities, normal
religious activities or traditional folk events.
Article 3
The citizens' exercise of their right to assembly, procession and
demonstration shall be safeguarded by the people's governments at all
levels in accordance with the provisions of this Law.
Article 4
In exercising their right to assembly, procession and demonstration,
citizens must abide by the Constitution and the laws, shall not oppose the
cardinal principles specified in the Constitution and shall not impair
state, public or collective interests or the lawful freedoms and rights of
other citizens.
Article 5
An assembly, a procession or a demonstration shall be held in a peaceful
manner; no weapons, controlled cutting tools or explosives shall be
carried, and no violence employed.
Article 6
The competent authorities governing assemblies, processions and
demonstrations shall be the municipal public security bureau, county
security bureau or municipal public security sub-bureau in the localities
where the assemblies, processions and demonstrations are held; if the
route of a procession or demonstration cuts through two or more districts
or counties, the competent authorities thereof shall be the public
security organ at the next higher level to the public security organs in
such districts or counties.
Chapter II Application and Permission for Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations
Article 7
For the holding of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration,
application must be made to and permission obtained from the competent
authorities in accordance with the provisions of this Law.
It shall not be necessary to apply for the following activities:
(1) celebrations or commemorative activities held by the state or by state
decisions; and
(2) assemblies held by state organs, political parties, public
organizations, enterprises or institutions in accordance with law or the
relevant articles of association.
Article 8
There must be a person or persons responsible for the holding of an
assembly, a procession or a demonstration.
For the holding of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration for which
an application has to be made under this Law, the responsible person(s)
must submit an application in writing to the competent authorities five
days prior to the date of the activity. The application shall specify the
purposes of the assembly, procession or demonstration, how it is going to
be conducted, the posters and slogans to be used, the number of
participants, the number of vehicles, the specifications and quantities of
the sound facilities to be used, the starting and finishing time, the
places (including places where the participants assemble and disperse),
the route, and the name(s), occupation(s) and address(es) of the person(s)
responsible for the assembly, procession or demonstration.
Article 9
After receiving an application for an assembly, a procession or a
demonstration, the competent authorities shall inform the responsible
person(s) in writing of their decision to grant or not to grant permission
two days prior to the date of the activity applied for. If no permission
is granted, the reasons thereof shall be given. Failure to serve notice
within the time limit shall be construed as the granting of permission.
If an assembly, a procession or a demonstration is truly necessitated by
unexpected occurrences, a report must be made immediately to the competent
authorities: upon receiving the report, the competent authorities shall
immediately examine it and decide to grant or not to grant permission.
Article 10
If an application is made for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration
which will press for the settlement of specific issues, the competent
authorities may, after receiving the application, inform the departments
or units concerned to resolve such issues through consultation with the
person(s) responsible for the assembly, procession or demonstration, and
may also postpone for five days the starting date specified in the
application.
Article 11
If the competent authorities are of the opinion that the holding of an
assembly, a procession or a demonstration at the time or place or along
the route specified in the application will seriously affect traffic and
public order, they may, upon or after granting permission, change the
time, place or route and inform the responsible person(s) of the change in
good time.
Article 12
No permission shall be granted for an application for an assembly, a
procession or a demonstration which involves one of the following
circumstances:
(1) opposition to the cardinal principles specified in the Constitution;
(2) harming the unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state;
(3) instigation of division among the nationalities; or
(4) the belief, based on sufficient evidence, that the holding of the
assembly, procession or demonstration that is being applied for will
directly endanger public security or seriously undermine public order.
Article 13
If the person(s) responsible for an assembly, a procession or a
demonstration does not accept the competent authorities' decision not to
grant permission, he may apply to the people's government at the same
level for reconsideration within three days of receiving the notice on the
decision, and the people's government shall make a decision within three
days of receiving the application for reconsideration.
Article 14
The person(s) responsible for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration
may withdraw his application after submitting it and before receiving a
notice of the competent authorities; if a decision is made to call off the
assembly, procession or demonstration after receipt of the competent
authorities' notice on the granting of permission, the responsible
person(s) concerned shall inform the competent authorities of the decision
in good time and dismiss the participants if they have assembled.
Article 15
No citizens shall, in a city other than his place of residence, start,
organize or participate in an assembly, a procession or a demonstration of
local citizens.
Article 16
No functionary of a state organ shall organize or participate in an
assembly, a procession or a demonstration which contravenes the functions
and obligations of functionaries of state organs as prescribed in relevant
laws and regulations.
Article 17
If anyone organizes or participates in an assembly, a procession or a
demonstration in the name of a state organ, a public organization, an
enterprise or an institution, he must first obtain approval from its
leaders.
Chapter III The Holding of Assemblies, Processions and Demonstra- tions
Article 18
With respect to an assembly, a procession or a demonstration held in
compliance with law, the competent authorities shall dispatch the people's
police to keep traffic and public order and ensure the smooth progress of
the assembly, procession or demonstration.
Article 19
An assembly, a procession or a demonstration held in compliance with law
shall not be disturbed, broken into or disrupted by anybody by violence,
coercion or any other illegal means.
Article 20
In order to ensure the progress of a procession held in compliance with
law, the people's police responsible for keeping traffic order may
temporarily exercise flexibility in their execution of the relevant
provisions of traffic regulations.
Article 21
If it becomes impossible for a procession to follow the permitted route
because of unexpected circumstances occurring on the way, the chief police
officer present at the scene shall have the authority to change the route
of the procession.
Article 22
If an assembly, a procession or a demonstration is held in or passes by
places where state organs, military organs, radio stations, television
stations or foreign embassies or consulates are located, the competent
authorities may, with a view to keeping order, establish temporary
security lines, which shall not be crossed without permission by the
people's police.
Article 23
No assembly, procession or demonstration shall be held within a peripheral
distance of 10-300 metres from the following places, with the exception of
those approved by the State Council or the people's governments of
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
Central Government:
(1) premises of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,
the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's
Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate;
(2) places where state guests are staying;
(3) important military installations; and
(4) air harbours, railway stations and ports.
The specific peripheral distances from the places listed in the preceding
paragraph shall be defined by the people's governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government.
Article 24
The time for holding an assembly, a procession or a demonstration shall be
limited to 6 a.m. - 10 p.m., with the exception of those held by decision
or approval of the local people's governments.
Article 25
An assembly, a procession or a demonstration shall be conducted in
accordance with the purposes, manners, posters, slogans, starting and
finishing time, places, routes and other matters for which permission has
been granted.
The person(s) responsible for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration
must assume responsibility for maintaining the order thereof and strictly
guard against participation by others.
The person(s) responsible for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration
shall, when necessary, appoint special personnel to assist the people's
police in maintaining order. The personnel responsible for the
maintenance of order shall wear identification marks.
Article 26
The holding of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration shall not
contravene the regulations on public security administration and shall not
involve criminal activities or the instigation of crimes.
Article 27
The people's police shall stop an assembly, a procession or a
demonstration that is being held, if it involves one of the following
circumstances:
(1) failure to make an application in accordance with the provisions of
this Law or to obtain permission for the application;
(2) failure to act in accordance with the purposes, manners, posters,
slogans, starting and finishing time, places and routes permitted by the
competent authorities; or (3) the emergence, in the course of the
activity, of a situation which endangers public security or seriously
undermines public order.
If any of the circumstances specified in the preceding paragraph occurs
and the instruction to stop the activity is ignored, the chief officer of
the people's police present at the scene shall have the authority to order
a dismission; for those who refuse to dismiss, the chief police officer
present at the scene shall have the authority to decide, in accordance
with relevant state provisions, on the adoption of necessary measures to
force a dismission and to take away from the scene by force those who
refuse to obey or detain them at once.
If a participant in an assembly, a procession or a demonstration crosses
the temporary security lines established in accordance with the provisions
of Article 22 of this Law, enters a certain peripheral space around the
specific places where no assemblies, processions and demonstrations shall
be held as specified in Article 23 of this Law, or commits other illegal
or criminal acts, the people's police may take him away from the scene by
force or detain him at once.
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Article 28
Those who commit acts in violation of public security administration in
the process of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration shall be
punished in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Regulations on
Administrative Penalties for Public Security. The public security organ
may punish by warning or by criminal detention of not more than 15 days
the responsible person(s) and the person(s) who is directly responsible,
if an assembly, a procession or a demonstration that is being held
involves one of the following circumstances:
(1) failure to make an application in accordance with the provisions of
this Law or to obtain permission for the application; or
(2) failure to act in accordance with the purposes, manners, posters,
slogans, starting and finishing time, places, and routes permitted by the
competent authorities, and disregard of instructions to stop acting
without permission.
Article 29
Any participant in an assembly, a procession or a demonstration who
commits a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law.
Any participant in an assembly, a procession or a demonstration who
carries weapons, controlled cutting tools or explosives shall be
investigated for criminal responsibility by applying mutatis mutandis the
provisions of Article 163 of the Criminal Law. In a case where no
application has been made for an assembly, a procession or a demonstration
in accordance with the provisions of this Law or no permission has been
granted for the application or where it is conducted not in accordance
with the starting and finishing time, places and routes permitted by the
competent authorities, while the order of dismission is disobeyed and
public order seriously undermined, the person(s) responsible for the
assembly, procession or demonstration and the person(s) who is directly
responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the provisions of Article 158 of the Criminal Law.
In a case where an assembly, a procession or a demonstration leads to the
siege of a state organ or people breaking into it, preventing it from
conducting its business or state activities normally, the person(s)
responsible for the assembly, procession or demonstration and the
person(s) who is directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal
responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 158 of the
Criminal Law.
In a case where an assembly, a procession or a demonstration leads to the
occupation of public places, the interception of vehicles or pedestrians
or the gathering of crowds to block traffic, so that order at public
places and traffic order are seriously undermined, the person(s)
responsible for the assembly, procession or demonstration and the
person(s) who is directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal
responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 159 of the
Criminal Law.
Article 30
Those who disturb, break into or undermine by other means an assembly, a
procession or a demonstration held in compliance with law may be punished
by the public security organ by warning or by criminal detention of not
more than 15 days; if the circumstances are serious and a crime is
constituted, they shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law.
Article 31
If a party refuses to accept the decision on punishment by detention made
in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 28 or
Article 30 of this Law, he may appeal to the public security organ at the
next higher level within five days of receiving the notice on the decision
on punishment; the public security organ at the next higher level shall
make a decision within five days of receiving the appeal; if the party
refuses to accept the decision of the public security organ at the next
higher level, he may institute proceedings in the people's court within
five days of receiving the notice on the decision.
Article 32
Anyone who, in the course of an assembly, a procession or a demonstration,
damages public or private property or causes injuries or deaths to others
shall be liable for compensation according to law, apart from being
punished in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law or
the Regulations on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 33
If a citizen, in a city other than his place of residence, starts or
organizes an assembly, a procession or a demonstration by local citizens,
the public security organ shall have the authority to detain him or send
him back by force to his place of residence.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 34
This Law shall apply to assemblies, processions and demonstrations held by
foreigners within the territory of China.
Foreigners in the territory of China may not, without approval by the
competent authorities, participate in an assembly, a procession or a
demonstration held by Chinese citizens.
Article 35
The public security department under the State Council may, in accordance
with this Law, formulate rules of implementation, which shall go into
effect after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
The standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government may, in accordance with this Law, formulate measures for
implementation.
Article 36
This Law shall enter into force on the date of promulgation.
Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
跨国并购的反垄断法律规制问题研究
——从欧美国家的反垄断立法看发展趋势及对中国的启示
[内容提要] 我国加入WTO后，市场经济环境的改善以及利用外资渠道的扩宽为外商的跨国并购提供更多的发展机会。跨国并购在促进国内产业发展的同时，也会带来一些负面影响，如垄断。因此，尽快构建我国的并购反垄断规制法律制度，将跨国并购纳入该制度框架成为当务之急。本文借鉴欧美国家的立法和司法实践，结合我国的司法实践情况，提出了构建和完善我国并购的反垄断规制法律制度的一些思路和建议。
[关键词] 跨国并购 垄断 市场份额
一、跨国并购的基本性质分析
（一）、跨国并购的含义
并购(Mergers & Acquisition)一词包括兼并和收购(或购买)两层含义:。
兼并(Merge)指公司的吸收合并，即一公司将其他一个或数个公司并入本公司，使其失去法人资格的行为。是企业变更、终止的方式之一，也是企业竞争优胜劣汰的正常现象。在西方公司中，企业兼并可分为两类，即吸收兼并和创立兼并。
收购(Acquisition)意为获取，即一个企业通过购买其他企业的资产或股权，从而实现对该公司企业的实际控制的行为。有接管(或接收)企业管理权或所有权之意。按照其内容的不同，收购可分为资产收购和股份收购两类。
从经济学角度而言，企业兼并和收购的经济意义是一致的，即都使市场力量、市场份额和市场竟争结构发生了变化，对经济发展也产生相同的效益，因为企业产权的经营管理权最终都控制在一个法人手中。 正是在这个意义上，西方国家通过把Mergers和Acquisition连在一起，统称M&A。我国企业兼并的涵义与M&A相似，兼指吸收合并与收购，1996年8月20日财政部发布的《企业兼并有关财务问题的暂行规定》第二条规定：“本规定所称兼并指一个企业通过购买等有偿方式取得其他企业的产权，使其失去法人资格或虽保留法人资格但改变投资主体的一种行为。因此，在我国，我们通常把企业兼并和企业收购统称为企业并购。
跨国并购是国际直接投资的一种方式，基本含义是:一国企业为了某种目的，通过一定的渠道和支付手段，将另一国企业的整个资产或足以行使经营控制权的股份收买下来，从而对另一国企业的经营管理实施实际的或完全的控制行为。
（二）、跨国并购的类型及垄断性
企业并购通常可以分为横向并购、纵向并购和混合并购三种形式。其中，横向并购是指生产相同或者相近似产品的企业之间的合并；纵向并购是指生产相同产品，但处于不同生产阶段的企业之间的合并；混合并购是指来自不同市场、声场不同产品的企业之间的合并。这三种形式的并购导致的垄断性分别表现在：:
(l)横向合并，合并的结果将直接减少甚至完全消灭市场中的其他竞争者，从而导致市场上竞争者数目过少，集中度过高，最终形成独占，从而使市场的有效竞争受到威胁。
(2)纵向合并，其垄断性表现在合并发生后，没有参与合并的企业减少了交易的机会，而合并企业增加了对其他竞争者的不公平竞争优势.
(3)混合合并情况下，一些大企业可能通过实施低价倾销的市场策略，将竞争对手逐出市场，同时使潜在的竞争者不敢进入市场参与竞争.根据世界各国规制垄断行为的立法。
可见，跨国并购过程实际上是跨国公司运用市场机制，通过全球市场上资金和信息的流动，实现资本的有效配置的过程，对东道国的经济发展是有好处的。特别对处于经济转制时期的中国，利用跨国并购实现产业升级，引进外资，对促进国内企业发展有重要意义。但是，任何企业行为都具有外部性，跨国并购也不例外。如果没有配套的完善的法律制度、成熟的市场经济和实力比较强大的内资企业，跨国并购可能排挤民族产业，造成金融风险，威胁东道国的国家经济安全。最终危及整个国民经济的健康运行。因此，将跨国并购纳入本国的反垄断法律体系统一进行调整已成为全球趋势。
二、欧美国家对跨国并购的反垄断立法规制及实例分析
（一） 美国的反垄断法律规制
美国可以说是反垄断法的起源地，国内反垄断立法十分完备。美国并购反垄断规制的法律体系由三部反垄断法(《谢尔曼法》、《联邦贸易委员会法》和《克莱顿法》、法院积累而成的判例法以及司法部和联邦贸易委员会颁布的《企业并购指南》(1968年1982年1988年1992年指南)构成。
《谢尔曼法》是反垄断的基本法，其对垄断的判断依据，一是按区域和产品划分的市场份额，如果某个企业的产品市场占有率为80-90%；二是当事企业采取了某些掠夺性定价或者排他性行动。克雷顿法还限制削弱企业间竞争和形成垄断的产权交易，对从事交易活动或者对交易活动有影响的任何企业以直接或间接的形式获得其竞争对手的部分或全部权益或资产的行为进行规制。克雷顿法的处罚条款及其严厉。
对企业合并做出详细规定的是1968年出台的《合并准则》，对横向、纵向和混合合并进行规制，后来又于1984年对其修订。1992年推出新的《横向合并准则》，新准则在判断有无横向合并时，要求分析如下因素：合并是否明显导致市场集中；是否产生潜在的反竞争效果；是否影响充分的市场进入；能否获得合理的效益，而且该效益是当事人能通过合并获得的；是否为可免使当事人破产或被挤出市场的唯一途径。 纵向合并主要考虑生产商的市场份额，销售商的市场份额，当前进入市场的条件等因素。混合合并主要考虑被兼并企业所占的市场份额，及该企业是否为同类市场中最大的厂商之一等因素。美国法院判例法理论主要考察潜在的竞争、构筑防御措施、互惠交易等。
总体而言，美国对垄断的控制方式逐渐从严格的结构主义模式转向温和的行为主义模式。
（二）、欧共体国家的反垄断法与并购政策
欧共体国家的反垄断法有两个层次。一是由欧共体委员会制定的条约，主要是促进竞争的法规，例如《罗马条约》第85条禁止共谋，第86条禁止具有支配市场地位的企业滥用其支配力。 另外，各国又有自己的反垄断法规。、
欧共体条约对合并问题没有具体规制，1989年欧共体部长理事会制定了《欧共体企业合并控制条例》，根据该条例，如果合并被视为对共同体或对共同体的一个重大部分具有影响，应当由欧共体委员会作出决定，是否批准合并。委员会是否批准合并，决定性因素是这个合并是否与共同体市场相协调。根据条例第2条第3款，一个合并如果可能产生或者加强市场支配地位，从而使共同体或者一个重大部分的有效竞争严重受到阻碍，该合并得被视为与共同体市场不协调。在欧共体委员会的实践中，要认定一个合并是否与共同体相协调，委员会首先要界定与合并相关的市场，然后判断合并后企业的市场地位。合并控制条例没有相关市场的概念，但委员会在其发布的1994年第3394号条例之附录中，对市场作了详细规定，规定合并后企业的市场势力应当从相关产品和相关地域市场两个方面来确定。对于合并后的企业是否由于合并能够在该市场上产生或者加强市场支配地位，委员会考虑的最重要的因素是参与合并的企业在相关市场上的市场份额。在实践中，绝大多数的市场支配地位产生于合并后企业的市场份额达到40-75%之间，如果超过70-75%，虽然不是绝对推断，但这些企业一般会被视为占市场支配地位的企业。 市场份额虽然是判断合并后企业市场地位的一个基本测度标准，但不是绝对和唯一的标准。其他因素包括合并后企业能否将多数竞争者排挤出市场，能否具有涨价能力，能否构成市场进入障碍等。
欧共体企业合并控制条例没有明确提及第三国企业的合并。但欧共体经社理事会的意见表明，如果第三国企业参与的合并能够对欧共体市场上的竞争造成不良影响，这些合并应当接受条例的管辖。条例的第一条第2款关于“对欧共体有影响的合并”的规定虽然不是一条冲突规范，因为通过这个条款不能完全解决涉及第三国企业合并的管辖权问题，但是，实践表明，在禁止或者限制第三国企业合并问题上，欧共体竞争法在域外使用方面接受了美国反垄断法的“效果原则”。
在共同体法律没有规定或者没有涉及到的领域情况下，成员国的国内反垄断法将发挥作用。一般来说成员国的法律都比共同体的法律更严格。
（三）、实例分析——波音公司与麦道公司的合并案
波音公司是美国最大的飞机制造企业，在世界市场上已经取得了大概64%份额，在全球的大型客机生产市场上取得了市场支配地位。麦道公司是美国和世界上最大的军用飞机制造企业，同时也生产大型民用客机。1996年底，波音公司用166亿美元兼并了麦道公司。在干线客机市场上，合并后的波音不仅成为全球最大的制造商，而且是美国市场唯一的供应商，占美国国内市场的份额几乎达百分之百。在全世界的飞机制造业中，目前唯一可以与美国波音公司进行较量的是欧洲空中客车公司。空中客车在世界大型客机市场上大约占三分之一的份额。美国波音公司和麦道公司的合并可以加强波音公司在世界市场的支配地位，同时也对欧洲空中客车在大型客机市场上的竞争地位产生严重的不利影响。因此，对于波音和麦道公司的合并，美国和欧共体委员会持有不同态度。
虽然合并后的公司占有美国市场百分之百的份额，但美国政府不仅没有阻止波音兼并麦道，而且利用政府采购等措施促成了这一兼并活动。其主要考虑的原因是：首先，民用干线飞机制造业是全球性寡占垄断行业，虽然波音公司在美国国内市场保持垄断，但在全球市场上受到来自欧洲空中客车公司的越来越强劲的挑战。面对空中客车公司的激烈竞争，波音与麦道的合并有利于维护美国的航空工业大国地位；其次，尽管美国只有波音公司一家干线民用飞机制造企业，但由于存在来自势均力敌的欧洲空中客车的竞争，波音公司不可能在开放的美国和世界市场上形成绝对垄断地位。如果波音滥用市场地位提高价格，就相当于把市场拱手让给空中客车。另外，鉴于麦道公司在美国军事工业中的重要地位以及它在国际民用客机市场失去了竞争力的现状，事实上除了波音公司外，其他任何飞机制造公司不可能也不愿意购买麦道公司。
相反，欧共体委员会认定波音公司和麦道公司的合并会增强波音公司在世界大型客机市场的支配地位，委员会认为波音和麦道的合并不利影响有三：一是合并后的波音公司不仅将其在民用客机市场上的份额从64%提高到70%，而且可以将其在大型客机制造业的垄断地位扩大到小型客机市场。二是通过取得麦道公司，波音公司可以将其影响和势力扩大到所有与麦道公司有着交易关系的航空公司，甚至可以与他们订立长期的独家购买协议。三是随着波音公司与麦道公司的合并，波音公司可将麦道公司在国防研究和开发领域取得的新技术用于飞机制造业，从而可以提高该公司的竞争潜力。鉴于此，欧共体委员会从一开始就决心阻止这个合并。
为了使合并得到欧共体委员会的批准，波音公司按照委员会的愿望和要求作了一系列重大承诺，这些承诺均涉及世界大型客机市场的竞争结构，以抵消合并给市场竞争带来的不利影响。 委员会对波音公司的承诺表示满意，最终批准了合并。
（四）跨国并购的反垄断规制立法发展趋势分析
美国和欧盟是世界上反垄断立法最为发达的国家，从他们的立法状况和实践情况我们可以得出对跨国公司的并购行为的反垄断法律规制的一些发展趋向：
第一，垄断与否不是以单纯的市场占有率为判据，而是以是否限制竞争行为为主要依据。其有关并购政策的主要理论依据仍然是市场结构理论。两个体系都明确禁止损害竞争的并购行为，而与之相对应的并购准则的目的也是为了避免市场结构过度集中，保证市场上有足够多的企业进行竞争。美国1992年的横向竞争准则中已不再将市场占有率作为唯一判断标准，而是提供了多个相关因素予以分析。另外，美国立法中的细分市场，以及欧共体法律界定相关市场的有关规定，都说明了在是否判断是否构成垄断时，关键是分析合并行为是否损害了有效的市场竞争。从波音和麦道的合并案也可看出来，尽管合并后，波音在美国的市场占有率提高了5％，但这是因淘汰麦道5％过时老产品市场而获得的市场份额，并没有对美国市场竞争造成损害。然而合并加强了波音在世界市场的支配地位，因而欧共体委员会要求其作出一系列与市场竞争力有关的承诺。
第二，以国家利益为基本出发点。全球化背景下欧美国家的反垄断战略为，保持市场竞争，促进技术进步，反垄断是要继续坚持的，但是，对一个企业是否采取反垄断措施，采取怎么样的处罚措施，则要从全球竞争和国家利益着眼。其竞争政策的意义是双重的，一方面要保障境外的反竞争实践不损害其境内的企业和竞争或剥削消费者，另一方面要保障第三国市场上的反竞争实践不妨碍已经进入这些市场的该国企业。对于美国而言，波音有空中客车这样强劲的国际竞争对手，如果波音不与麦道合并，美国航空工业的整体优势就不能充分发挥，最终可能损害美国的国家利益。而对于欧共体国家而言，波音与麦道合并会影响其本国企业的竞争地位。因此，他们对合并案的不同态度正是体现了他们不同的利益出发点。
第三、尽管欧美的反垄断部门在执行反垄断法的过程中采取了细致分析市场，灵活处理的办法，但遵循了几个主要原则。一是反垄断的目的是保护市场的有效竞争性和消费者的利益。在批准并购案时，不仅是根据市场集中度指标，还要看兼并后的市场效率。二是判断垄断的标准不是以企业规模大小来决定的，关键要看是否滥用了市场力量。具有市场力量的企业不一定是垄断，只有利用市场力量采取了不正当手段才被判为垄断。三是考虑行业特点，例如像大型飞机制造业这种寡占性行业，市场进入难度高，因此不能以传统市场分析方法予以分析。另外要慎重处理新兴高技术行业的垄断案。四是充分考虑国家整体利益。
三、欧美对跨国并购的反垄断规制对中国的启示
我国加入WTO后，市场经济环境的改善以及利用外资渠道的扩宽为外商的跨国并购提供更多的发展机会。跨国并购在促进国内产业发展的同时，也带来一些负面影响，如垄断。据不完全统计，在2000一2003年上半年跨国公司对中国企业的主要并购活动中，有半数以上的跨国公司获得绝对和相对的控股权。如法国达能对乐百氏和娃哈哈所持股份分别增至92%和51%，世界最大的轮胎生产企业一一法国米其林公司在与我国轮胎行业的龙头企业一一上海轮胎橡胶集团的合作中控股70%;法国阿尔卡特公司通过协议收购中方及其他外方股份，持有上海贝尔的股份为50%+1股;荷兰飞利浦在苏飞公司中所占的股份由51%增至80%等。
针对目前国外跨国公司在我国进行的大量跨国并购活动，我国政府已经开始对此加以规范。国家对外贸易经济合作部2003年3月份公布了《外国投资者并购境内企业暂行规定》等一些反垄断法规，但与世界各国相比照，仍然暴露出许多不足，立法散见于众多的“条例”、“暂行规定”以及“反不正当竞争法”中，没有形成一个完整的法律体系；大部分规则是国务院各部委发布的行政法规，权威性不够。到目前为止，我国尚未出台一部完整的《反垄断法》.然而，进入90年代之后，跨国公司不断涌入我国，因此，尽快构建我国的并购反垄断规制法律制度，将跨国并购纳入该制度框架成为当务之急。借鉴欧美国家的立法与实践，笔者提出如下建议：
（一）、在垄断状态的确定上，应采用市场份额与其他因素相结合的判断标准。应该借鉴欧美的实践经验，在判断一项合并是否构成垄断时，对市场进行实质性分析，关键注重合并行为是否损害了有效的市场竞争，是否损害了本国利益。不仅要针对市场结构而且要注意市场行为。随着经济的发展，全球资本的流动性越来越强，跨国并购的形式和手段也更加多样化，仅仅依靠事前申报制度对并购行为进行规制并不能完全避免垄断的发生，因此有必要对通过了事前审查但未能避免的垄断状态加以控制。这就使对市场结构和市场行为的规制变得同等重要。
（二）确定我国反垄断法的域外效力原则。我国加入了WTO，因该实行国民待遇原则。在对并购的反垄断规制上，对国内企业和跨国企业实行同样的制度。同时，对于我国领域外的行为，如果对我国市场竞争发生影响，应该受我国法律调整。最早主张并适用域外效力的是美国的反托拉斯法，它依据效果原则来行使管辖权。由于外资企业(主要指国外跨国公司)对我国企业的并购不仅仅发生在国内，它还可以在境外通过购买股权、可转换债券等方式进行。在目前国际反垄断合作尚不完善、各国放松对本国企业并购的监管的情况下，我国应该规定反垄断法的域外效力，以保证在我国的经济利益受到损害时，有相应的法律予以保护。
（三）建立相对独立的反垄断监管部门。反垄断监管部门的职责是通过大量的调查研究和分析公正、客观地执行反垄断法，因此，需要相对独立的机构来承担这一任务。
（四）建立一套完整的企业并购程序制度，应当包括事前申报和阶段性审查。程序公正是实体公正的保障。通过申报、审查等程序可以对跨国公司的垄断性并购行为预先予以规制。
四、结束语
总的来看，跨国公司跨国并购活动是一个全球性的经济行为，由此而带来的垄断控制仅仅靠某一个国家的法律进行规制肯定难以取得很好的效果，加强国际间的反垄断合作将是完善国际性并购管制制度的最终方向，因此我国在制定自己的反垄断法的同时，还应该不断与其他国家开展多方面的信息交流和协作，积极推进在世界贸易组织框架下进行的竞争政策领域多边谈判。
